Nations and citizens in Yugoslavia and the post-Yugoslav states: one hundred years of citizenship

Between 1914 and the present day the political makeup of the Balkans has relentlessly changed, following unpredictable shifts of international and internal borders. Between and across these borders various political communities were formed, co-existed and (dis)integrated. By analysing one hundred years of modern citizenship in Yugoslavia and post-Yugoslav states, Igor Štiks shows that the concept and practice of citizenship is necessary to understand how political communities are made, un-made and re-made. He argues that modern citizenship is a tool that can be used for different and opposing goals, from integration and re-unification to fragmentation and ethnic engineering. The study of citizenship in the ‘laboratory’ of the Balkands offers not only an original angle to narrate an alternative political history, but also an insight into the fine mechanics and repeating glitches of modern politics, applicable to multinational states in the European Union and beyond.

Cover; Contents; Preface and Acknowledgements; Introduction: A Balkan Laboratory of Citizenship; A century of dis/integrations; Citizenship and citizenship regime; In Yugoslavia, and after: Citizenship as research field, citizenship as battlefield; Citizenship as a political history of Yugoslavia and the post-Yugoslav states; Part 1 From National Integration to the First Disintegration; 1 Brothers United: The Making of Yugoslavs; Brothers as aliens: From Yugoslavism to Yugoslavia; Brothers as citizens: The belated birth of Yugoslav citizenship

Precarious birth, fragile existence and the brutal death of the first Yugoslavia2 Revolutionary Brothers: The Communist Formula for Yugoslavia; Yugoslav communists: Solving the national question; Wartime: Enemies or brothers?; From brothers in arms to federated citizens; Part 2 From Socialist Re-Integration to the Second Disintegration; 3 Brothers Re-United! Federal Citizenship in Socialist Yugoslavia; Centralist federalism, 1945-1967; Bifurcated citizenship; Self-management, decentralization and citizenship

4 Brothers as Partners: Centrifugal Federalism, Confederal Citizenship and Complicated PartnershipCentrifugal federalism, 1967-1974; From federal to confederal citizenship; Broken partnership: From confederal citizenship towards crisis; 5 The Bridges Over the Miljacka: The Long Farewell to Yugoslav Citizenship; Yugoslavism: Fading of an idea; Yugoslavia: Only a matter of interests?; Code red: Turning citizens into enemies; Part 3 From Nationalist Disintegration to War; 6 Partners into Competitors: Divisive Democracy and Conflicting Conceptions of Citizenship; Democracy and nationalism

Citizens as voters: Democratize and divideA secret handshake between nationalism and electoral democracy; 7 Where is My State? Citizenship as a Factor in Yugoslavia's Disintegration; So, why did it happen?; Relevant factors of Yugoslavia's disintegration; The citizenship factor; 8 Enemies: Citizenship as a Trigger of Violence; The dark side of 1989: Violence in post-socialist Europe; Triggers of violence: Citizenship, borders and territories, and the role of the federal military; Conclusion: The price of war; Part 4 From Ethnic Engineering to European Re-Integration?

9 From Equal Citizens to Unequal Groups: The Post-Yugoslav Citizenship RegimesThe citizenship conundrum in post-socialist Europe; Ethnic engineering after Yugoslavia: The included, the invited, the excluded and the self-excluded; Enemies into neighbours: Unconsolidated and overlapping citizenship regimes; Concluding remarks: From ethnic engineering to ethnic democracies; 10 Partners Again? The European Union and the Post-Yugoslav Citizens; The EU's direct and limited influences; Five ways to (mis)manage the post-Yugoslav citizenship regimes; Partners, or just neighbours?